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Operation Savannah was the South African Defence Force's 1975–1976 covert intervention in the Angolan War of Independence, and the subsequent Angolan Civil War. ==Background== The so-called "Carnation Revolution" of 25 April 1974 ended Portugal's colonial government, but Angola's three main liberation forces, National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) began competing for dominance in the country. Fighting began in November 1974, starting in the capital city, Luanda, and spreading quickly across all of Angola, which was soon divided among the combatants. The FNLA occupied northern Angola and UNITA the central south, while The MPLA mostly occupied the coastline, the far south-east and, after capturing it in November 1974, Cabinda. Negotiations for independence resulted in the Treaty of Alvor being signed on 15 January 1975, naming the date of official independence as 11 November 1975. The agreement ended the war for independence but marked the escalation of the civil war. Two dissenting groups, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda and the Eastern Revolt, never signed the accords, as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government established by the Treaty of Alvor soon ended as nationalist factions, doubting one another's intentions, tried to control the country by force. Fighting between the three forces resumed in Luanda hardly a day after the transitional government assumed office on 15 January 1975.〔Library of Congress Country Studies: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ao0044)〕〔Gleijeses, Piero: ''Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976'', The University of North Carolina Press, 2002〕〔 The liberation forces sought to seize strategic points, most importantly the capital, by the official day of independence. The MPLA managed to seize Luanda from the FLNA whilst UNITA retreated from the capital. By March 1975, the FNLA was driving towards Luanda from the north, joined by units of the Zairian army which the United States had encouraged Zaire to provide.〔Norton, W.: ''In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story'', New York, 1978, quoted in: Smith, Wayne: A Trap in Angola in: ''Foreign Policy'' No. 62, Spring 1986, p. 67, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace〕 Between 28 April and early May, 1,200 Zairian troops crossed into northern Angola to assist the FNLA. 〔Wright, George in: ''The Destruction of a Nation: United States’ Policy toward Angola since 1945'', Pluto Press, London, Chicago, 1997, ISBN 0-7453-1029-X, p. 60〕 〔George (2005), p. 63〕 The FNLA eliminated all remaining MPLA presence in the northern provinces and assumed positions east of Kifangondo on the eastern outskirts of Luanda, from where it continued to encroach on the capital.〔Library of Congress Country Studies: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ao0046)〕〔Smith, Wayne: A Trap in Angola in: ''Foreign Policy'' No. 62, Spring 1986, p. 68 and 70, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace〕 The situation for the MPLA in Luanda became increasingly precarious.〔 The MPLA received supplies from the Soviet Union and repeatedly requested 100 officers for military training from Cuba. Until late August, Cuba had a few technical advisors deployed in Angola.〔CIA, National Intelligence Daily, October 11, 1975, p. 4, NSA〕 By 9 July, the MPLA gained control of the capital, Luanda. Starting 21 August, Cuba established four training facilities (CIR) with almost 500 men, which were to train about 4,800 FAPLA recruits in three to six months.〔CIA, National Intelligence Daily, October 11, 1975, p. 4〕〔Gleijeses, Piero: ''Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976'' (The University of North Carolina Press) p. 228〕 The mission was expected to be short-term and to last about 6 months.〔George (2005), p. 65〕 The CIR in Cabinda accounted for 191 instructors, while Benguela, Saurimo (formerly Henrique de Carvalho) and at N'Dalatando (formerly Salazar) had 66 or 67 instructors each. Some were posted in headquarters in Luanda or in other places throughout the country. The training centres were operational by 18–20 October.〔George (2005), p. 67〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Operation Savannah (Angola)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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